{"id":103,"date":"2025-10-01T08:23:13","date_gmt":"2025-10-01T05:23:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.womanstribune.com.ua\/?page_id=103"},"modified":"2026-06-07T04:07:03","modified_gmt":"2026-06-07T01:07:03","slug":"vizytivka","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/womanstribune.com.ua\/en\/vizytivka\/","title":{"rendered":"Profile"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Natalia Mykolaivna Onishchenko<\/strong> \u2014 Deputy Director of the V. M. Koretsky Institute of State and Law of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Lawyer of Ukraine, Academician of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, President of the NGO \u00abWoman\u2019s Tribune\u00bb.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Human rights issues constitute the most important problem of both domestic and international legal development. Their protection is the criterion by which the achieved level of democracy in a state is assessed.<\/bdo><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the teachings of ancient thinkers (Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Polybius, and others) to the present day, philosophers, sociologists, politicians, and legal scholars have sought to comprehend the essence of the problem of human rights and freedoms and to define its historical and contemporary dimensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A person\u2019s place in society and their social role largely depend on the scope of rights and freedoms that determine their social opportunities, the nature of their activities, and the system of social relations within society. Human rights represent the social capacity to act freely, independently choose the type and extent of one\u2019s behavior in order to satisfy diverse personal material and spiritual interests, as well as the interests of other individuals, social groups, and society as a whole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Today, legal norms, regulatory acts, and political documents frequently contain the assertion that the individual is the highest social value in society. This thesis is also reflected in Article 3 of the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine. However, within the realities of our country, this provision remains largely declarative. Nevertheless, it is obvious that a democratic society today requires not only the proclamation of certain principles but also the creation of effective legal mechanisms that enable individuals to fully exercise their rights and freedoms while maintaining an active civic position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Even a brief review of monographs, scholarly articles, conference materials, roundtable discussions, and reports of public organizations presented at international and national conferences demonstrates, on the one hand, the growing urgency of human rights issues and society\u2019s concern regarding their current state and, on the other hand, that such increased attention within this context is undoubtedly a manifestation of the democratization of many processes of modern state and legal development. It should particularly be emphasized that the domestic legal school engaged in the study and protection of human rights and freedoms does not conduct its research in a vacuum. It is based upon the works of prominent Ukrainian and foreign scholars.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Human rights and freedoms are normatively guaranteed provided that the country has a developed system (precisely a system) of legal regulation that supports the principles of personal liberty. This system itself constitutes a normative guarantee if it is coherent, consistent, and accessible, which is especially significant under conditions of martial law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern Ukrainian scholars devote considerable attention to the concept of the system of human and civil rights and freedoms, particularly focusing on the historical-legal and theoretical-legal analysis of the concept of the human rights system, proving its fundamental role as one of the basic categories of contemporary constitutional law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ensuring proper protection of human and civil rights in Ukraine is an important task of the state and a relevant direction for the development of the legal system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our expectations regarding the effectiveness of modern law, the sense of security experienced by every individual (from the quality of medical care to proper working conditions) as well as the guaranteed and protected range of rights corresponding to the standards of civilized states, all of this, along with many other components, is encompassed within the concept of \u00ablegal constructivism\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The vocation or \u00abmission\u00bb of law in general, and its \u00abconstructive\u00bb function in particular, is today the achievement and protection of an appropriate level of human rights and freedoms. The extent to which law is \u00abconstructive\u00bb largely determines the quality of our lives today and its qualitative improvement tomorrow during the stage of post-war reconstruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The absence of a constructive content in legal norms inevitably leads, and indeed already leads, to violations of human rights and freedoms. Common examples include ineffective legislation and an imperfect legislative process, although these phenomena remain insufficiently studied by contemporary legal science and practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern standards of human rights and freedoms enshrined in international legal documents and national legislation are the result of a long-standing confrontation between the individual and authority. In this regard, the idea that the evolution of human society constitutes the progressive development of freedom appears particularly fruitful. However, the category of social freedom can only be considered in conjunction with the category of social responsibility. From this perspective, scholars rightly point to the complex relationship between the state and individuals, fixed by the state in legal form, namely rights, freedoms, duties, and mutual responsibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Within a democratic state governed by the rule of law, the relationship between the individual and the state undergoes significant transformation. These relations are not intended to provide one part of society with a greater degree of freedom than another; rather, the focus should be on state power that ensures conditions of freedom for all members of society and all citizens of the state. Since ancient times, the state has been viewed as an \u00abinstrument\u00bb that guarantees a certain level of freedom within specific spatial and temporal dimensions. As is well known, the sovereignty of the people emerges within the conditions of a democratic state governed by the rule of law. In such a state, the people possess the fullness and supremacy of power. The authorities established therein are subordinate to the people, elected by them, and controlled by them. Only under such conditions can individual freedom be guaranteed. In a democratic state governed by the rule of law, the relationship between public authorities and citizens regarding individual freedom is built upon parity and justice. The people are equally interested both in the freedom of the individual and in the proper functioning of state institutions that guarantee human rights and freedoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From a political perspective, the relations of social justice under which individual freedom alone becomes possible are those in which freedom directly depends on the essence of power, and genuine democracy depends upon genuine individual freedom: one cannot exist without the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It should be noted that today the responsibility of the state toward the individual is gradually beginning to acquire a more or less real character. Legislation is being actively updated, including norms establishing the legal responsibility of both the state as a whole and its officials. The establishment of norms regarding state responsibility toward citizens testifies to the recognition of the priority of citizens\u2019 rights and freedoms over other social values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the principal features of a social state governed by the rule of law \u2014 the subordination of the state to law \u2014 should be understood as meaning that citizen's rights are not granted by the state but possess their own independent foundation. They objectively exist from the moment of birth and are inalienable. Therefore, relations between the individual and the state must be based upon their mutual interconnectedness through rights, duties, and responsibility. Just as the citizen is responsible before the state, so too is the state responsible before the citizen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no secret that today the content of Article 2 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is widely recognized, according to which the state, in fulfilling its obligations regarding the protection of human and civil rights:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) ensures the rights of all persons within its jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) takes legislative or other measures in accordance with constitutional procedures to ensure the implementation of these rights;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c) provides everyone whose rights have been violated with effective legal remedies for their protection;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d) develops opportunities for the use of such legal remedies and ensures the effectiveness of their application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An individual who is a citizen of the state, in turn, not only exercises rights but also bears obligations toward the state and fellow citizens and is responsible for failure to fulfill them:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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  • Exercises the granted rights within the limits established by law;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Every freedom corresponds to a duty, because the exercise of freedom presupposes the abstention of others from interfering actions. In order to protect the interests of other citizens and society, certain actions are restricted by law;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • A citizen\u2019s responsibility does not depend upon their position or social status.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
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    As the Ukrainian legal scholar B. Kistiakovskyi wrote, \u00abin a state governed by the rule of law, power must be organized in such a way that it does not oppress the individual; within it, both the individual person and the collective of persons \u2014 the people \u2014 must be not only objects of power but also its subjects\u00bb. Aristotle expressed a similar idea: \u00abThus, experience shows that every state is a certain association, and every association is formed for the sake of some good. For everyone acts for the sake of what is considered a worthy life; therefore, it is evident that all associations strive in their activity toward some good\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    Relations between the individual and the state are built upon establishing such a balance whereby, as scholars note:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    • The individual has the opportunity to freely develop their abilities and satisfy their rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • The state receives recognition and support for its activities from the individual, who fulfills duties and bears responsibility for the consequences of their actions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

      A systemic analysis of ensuring individual rights and freedoms may and should concern the direct effect of the Constitution, as well as observance and protection of equality of human rights and freedoms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

      In our society, according to the Constitution of Ukraine, all citizens are granted and guaranteed an equal scope of rights and freedoms. Their exercise is connected with the introduction of equal standards for all persons without exception. Therefore, every citizen de jure may enjoy, on equal terms with others, the entire spectrum of rights and freedoms without oppression by the state or discrimination by state bodies, officials, or other persons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Thus, the idea of human rights has been formed as a certain legal ideal toward which the development of national legislation is oriented, while the means of ensuring it are the general principles of law, one of the most fundamental being the principle of equality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      The constructive nature and effectiveness of law encompass among the principal directions of improving legal support the fight against discrimination in rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Regarding the strengthening of efforts against discriminatory manifestations in the sphere of human and civil rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of achieving equality of rights and freedoms in various spheres of life activity, as well as defining criteria for achieving such \u00abequality\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      In the context of the modern development of the legal system, combating discrimination in law, as leading scholars note, should include the following directions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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      • Ensuring the stability of constitutional guarantees of human rights and fundamental freedoms;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Reforming the judicial system and criminal justice in accordance with the conditions of martial law and the stage of Ukraine\u2019s recovery;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Particular attention should be devoted to implementing laws on access to public information, overcoming abuses in the media sphere, and ensuring democracy in the sphere of freedom of speech;  <\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • A separate vector of legal practice should become the improvement of legislation concerning the activities of public organizations;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Special attention today requires monitoring the rights of internally displaced and externally displaced persons.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        An important illustrative direction in studying equality issues is research devoted to equal rights and opportunities for women and men in Ukraine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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        Law has undoubtedly \u00abfailed\u00bb women. The gender asymmetries that we often observe today have deep historical roots. In virtually all legal systems from ancient times, the rights of women and men developed disproportionately. If trial by ordeal existed, it applied primarily to women; if divorce was prohibited, it was prohibited for women. Even in court, a woman could not independently represent her rights and required representation by her father or brother. Therefore, it must once again be emphasized that law \u00abowes\u00bb women, while society and the state must strive, and indeed are striving, to rethink and remedy these shortcomings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Another direction of modern gender legal theory should be the consideration of issues related to the way and style of life of men, encompassing: a) the pre-war period; b) the period of Russia\u2019s war against Ukraine; c) the post-war period. Without delving into the analysis of men\u2019s civic movements, it should be noted that today, more than ever, there exists a problem concerning the protection of men, particularly the protection of the rights of veterans and their family members.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Particularly interesting in this context are studies conditioned by the process of democratization of Ukrainian society through increasing the effectiveness of state veteran policy regarding the protection of the rights and freedoms of defenders of Ukraine. It is demonstrated that a necessary condition for implementing such policy is the systematic development of a scientifically grounded model of state gender policy corresponding to the modern socio-economic and political realities of Ukrainian society. Special attention is devoted to transforming approaches to resolving issues of equal rights and opportunities for genders and substantiating the fact that the concept of improving the status of women in global and national consciousness is being replaced by the concept of gender equality, progress, and justice. The particular significance and relevance of forming and implementing state gender policy in the conditions of Ukraine\u2019s European choice and within the context of European integration are emphasized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u0421\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0456\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0448\u043b\u044f\u0445\u0456\u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0432\u2019\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u2019\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0456\u0437 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0457 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0442\u0456 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d; \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0457 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457; \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0456 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0437\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0449\u043e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        When discussing gender equality as an ideal of socio-political development, the concept may include: a) formal equality (legal equality established by legislation); b) equality of opportunity (granting legislatively established advantages to certain socio-demographic groups in order to create equal starting conditions with other groups); c) equality of results (purposeful elimination of obstacles for competing parties caused by previous discrimination).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The global process of developing constitutional legislation is characterized by the declaration of the principle of equal rights and opportunities. Constitutional recognition of gender equality stands alongside such characteristics as national and racial equality, language, religion, social origin, political beliefs, and others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Almost all constitutions recognize the principles and standards of international law and undertake obligations to comply with them by enshrining them in the fundamental law. Therefore, it is logical that they also establish gender rights and standards concerning equal rights and opportunities. The constitution, as the supreme law, serves as the guarantor of equality for all citizens regardless of gender in their rights and opportunities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        It is entirely evident that the issue of gender equality has today acquired exceptional relevance and represents significant value for law. Proceeding from the importance of the gender dimension of law, corresponding work should be carried out regarding current domestic legislation, which must take into account the protection of the rights of women affected by war (drawing upon the experience of Israel, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina), women subjected to gender-based violence, women and men living under occupation and along the line of fire, as well as the protection of the rights of women and men whose children have been forcibly deported.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The fulfillment of Ukraine\u2019s obligations regarding the establishment of gender equality requires understanding the national possibilities for their implementation while considering historically developed practices of social life for men and women, national traditions of their relations, achievements and levels of social culture, and its component \u2014 gender culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The constitutional proclamation of Ukraine as a democratic, social state governed by the rule of law has actualized the problem of improving legal culture both for the individual citizen and for society as a whole. This, in turn, necessitates the intensification of scholarly research connected with the problems of legal culture, namely: clarification of its content, disclosure of the relationship and interaction between legal culture and the legal system, examination of the causes of distortions in legal consciousness, including in the sphere of gender relations, and the search for ways to overcome them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        However, today the value orientations of our state, taking into account advanced global experience, will hopefully rapidly fill public consciousness with new content, including a gender-oriented social mentality, that is, a consciously formed direction of thinking aimed at recognizing, respecting, and promoting the principle of equality regardless of gender.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Equality of rights and freedoms reflects justice as a value category developed within society according to established notions of morality and standards of behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Justice in this context may consist in differentiating rights (raising the level of rights within the framework of current legislation for certain categories of the population deserving such measures \u2014 evidence of the progressive development of the national legal system) and overcoming the usurpation of rights as a form of discrimination (an excessive and legally unregulated increase in the powers of one category of citizens compared to others within society, which may occur within certain state formations, societies, and specific spatio-temporal contexts).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        In any sphere we may encounter the problem of gender inequality, whether in labor law, family relations, or career advancement. In order to transform these phenomena, it is necessary to begin with theoretical understanding, which falls within the competence of modern science. We are convinced that public opinion has already matured sufficiently to heed theory for the practical overcoming of gender discrimination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        It should be especially emphasized that today, more than ever, alongside state mechanisms, civil society plays an important role in ensuring gender equality.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

        \n
        <\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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